Home to the Indus V

alley civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was recognized for its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Islam, Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's variegated culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonized by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern nation-state in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread use of nonviolent resistance as a means of social and political protest.

With the world's twelfth largest economy by market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power, India has made rapid economic progress in the last decade. Although the country's standard of living is projected to rise sharply in the next half-century, it currently battles high levels of poverty, illiteracy, persistent malnutrition, and environmental degradation. In addition to being a pluralistic, multi-lingual, and multi-ethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats and national parks.

AGRA (TAJ MAHAL)

Described by the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore as "a tear-drop on the face of eternity", the Taj Mahal is an enduring monument to love and is, quite simply, one of the world's most marvelous buildings. Wholly concealing it is the massive red sandstone gateway, remarkable in itself, in preventing any glimpse of the tomb until you get the first breathtaking view of the Taj as you pass through the arch. The fifth of the great Mughal emperors, Shah Jahan, was devoted to his wife Mumtaz Mahal who died at the age of 39. It is said that on her deathbed she asked him to show the world how much they loved each other. The result was the most magnificent memorial on earth. Built in the early 16th century along the river Yamuna, many architects have rated it as the most perfect of all buildings standing on earth. Three artists designed it: a Persian, an Italian and a Frenchman. Even the skilled artisans who built it were brought from Baghdad, Constantinople, and other centers of the Muslim faith. For 22 years, more than 20,000 workmen labored to build the Taj. The Maharaja of Jaipur sent the marble as a gift to Shah Jahan, by a fleet of 1,000 elephants. Precious stones for the inlay came from Baghdad, China, Afghanistan and Ceylon.

Population: About 1.5 million

ALLAHABAD

Allahabad is one of the largest and most important cities of India. It is situated at the confluence of river Ganga and Yamuna. It encompasses a large area and is an inland peninsula surrounded by the rivers Ganga and Yamuna from three sides with only one side connected to the mainland. Because of this reason and immense traffic, Allahabad is also famous for its large number of grand and magnificent bridges. Allahabad is also famous for producing prime ministers of India in some form or another. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Gulzari Lal Nanda, Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandrashekhar were all either born in Allahabad, alumni of Allahabad University or elected from a constituency in Allahabad. In this manner, Allahabad has produced 7 out of 14 Prime Ministers of India. Along with a large number of areas within Allahabad City, there are several satellite cities on the other side of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, and are considered as satellite cities of Allahabad.

Population: About 1.4 million

AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad was named after the Sultan Ahmed Shah, who built the city in 1411. Also called the "Manchester of the East', today, it is one of the most highly industrialized cities of India. Historically, Ahmedabad was a major base camp during the Indian freedom struggle. Mahatma Gandhi built the Sabarmati Ashram on the outskirts of the city, from where he guided India to freedom. Today Ahmedabad, more than any other Indian city, represents non-violence and peace. Ahmedabad is also the textile city of India. Though the city has developed more as a business and commercial center, it also holds attraction as a center for the study of Indo-Saracenic architecture, a style that fuses elements of Hindu and Islamic architecture. The old city of Ahmedabad is dotted with labyrinth of by lanes called pols. The exquisitely carved wooden mansions are beautiful examples of the craftsmanship of the time. Although it is no longer the capital of Gujarat, Ahmedabad remains the second largest industrial city in western India.

Population: Approx 4.0 million

AMRITSAR
The name of the city is derieved from Sanskrit: Amrta-sarovar which means "Lake of Nectar". It is home to the Golden Temple, the spiritual and cultural center of the Sikh Religion. Located in the Norhtwest region of Punjab, India - Amritsar is a mere 32 miles east of Lahore. The main commercial activities include tourism, carpets and fabrics, farm produce, handicrafts, service trades and light engineering. The Golden Temple also known as the Harminder Sahib is a famous temple in Amritsar. There are various other Gurudwaras you could pay your respects to. However, make sure you are dressed appropriately to go to a religious place. Men too may need to cover their hair.

Population: Just over 1 million

AURANGABAD
The city that Mughal emperor Aurangzeb built in the dusk of his empire is Aurangabad, the city that is base to the marvels of man - the Ajanta and Ellora caves. Situated in Maharashtra, Aurangabad today is a thriving industrial metropolis and apart from being the jump-off point for Maharashtra's most celebrated tourist attraction, it also merits as one of the cleanest cities in the country. With a lot to offer to the avid tourist including incredible Deccan Mughal architecture, the most pleasant feature of Aurangabad is its inhabitants. Retaining the charms and mannerisms of the Nizams, they are courteous, polite and extremely helpful. If the Ajanta and Ellora caves figure in your travel plans, as they should, make it a point to spend a couple of days in Aurangabad. You will not be disappointed.
Population: Approx 3.0 million

BANGALORE (BENGALURU)

Bengaluru is one of Asia's fastest growing cities. Situated at an altitude of 920 meters above sea level, Bengaluru is the principal administrative, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the state of Karnataka. Spread over an area of 2190 square kilometers, Bengaluru enjoys a pleasant and equable climate throughout the year. Tree-lined streets and abundant greenery made it the 'Garden City' of India. However, since local entrepreneurs and technology giant Texas Instruments discovered its potential as a high-tech city in the early 1980s, Bengaluru has seen a major technology boom and is now home to more than 250 high-tech companies, including homegrown giants like Wipro and Infosys. The erstwhile garden city has now been pegged the 'Silicon Valley' of India. To give a little background, Bengaluru was founded by Kempe Gowda in the early 16th century. Two centuries later, it became an important fortress city under rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. The ruins of those periods can still be seen on the Bellary Road, at Lal Bagh, Ulsoor and Gavi Gangadhareswar Temple. The people in the city are warm, hospitable and friendly. Bengaluru is generally regarded as a place that most visitors like to chill out in. Along with the modern day pubs, discos and hangouts, one can still see remnants of the older Bengaluru. All in all, it is a lovely city to visit.
Population: About 6.5 million

BHOPAL
History says that Raja Bhoja founded Bhojapal in the 11th century. What we know as Bhopal though was established by the Afghan soldier, Dost Mohammed who conspired with Queen Kamalabati to take over the kingdom following the chaos that Aurangzeb's death brought. Today mention Bhopal and the immediate association is the Union Carbide gas tragedy. It is time other aspects of Bhopal began to get their due and there is much to be said about this city. Bhopal continues to rank as one of India's cleanest cities, with broad and tree-lined roads, two lakes and a culture that is enriched by the tribals in the region. Bhopal also happens to be the starting point for some amazing destinations. From Bhimbetka where Neolithic man explored his artistic talents to the unfinished temple at Bhojpur whose rocks still carry as proof the blueprints of the temple, to the wonders of the beautiful stupas at Sanchi. Bhopal is as bustling and busy as any other small city. But the feature that gives away its smallness is the laid-back nature of life here, which seems to have permeated the city itself. A rich and varied cultural heritage gives shape to appealing forms of folklore and folk art. The two large lakes dominate Bhopal and this part of the earth is fragrant with its own scenery.

Population: About 1.6 million

CHANDIGARH
Chandigarh is the twin capital of the northern states of Punjab and Haryana. However, it belongs to neither state. It is a union territory and is directly under the administration of the Indian government. It is one of the youngest cities in India and the main languages spoken are Hindi and Punjabi. The town derives its name from Goddess Chandi Devi whose temple stands 15 km away from Chandigarh. One of the few modern planned cities in India, Chandigarh is divided into 47 self-contained sectors. Architects Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki drew the initial plans in New York. When the latter died in an air crash in 1950, the work was entrusted to Le Corbusier, a well-known architect and planner. One can see architectural genius in the neat geometrical design of residential quarters, reinforced concrete structures and self-contained area layouts. Each sector of the city is designed with its own shops, academic, and health care buildings, places of worship, open spaces, greenery and the residential areas. The city is divided into four major work areas. In the north, the capital complex, consisting of the Secretariat, Legislative Assembly and High Court, with the hills as a background dominating the city. Sector-17, which is the city center, housing the administrative and state government offices, shopping malls, banks and other offices. The west contains the university, and institutions of engineering, architecture, Asian studies and medicine. Finally, the east zone, which is the industrial area of the city.

Population: About 1.1 million.

CHENNAI
Chennai (Madras) is known as the Gateway of Southern India. The East India Company developed Madras as one of the major trading centers in India. Chennai has a blend of Dravidian and Gothic architecture in its buildings. The city might have grown but it hasn't lost its traditional grace and charm. The Tamil society might have incorporated English culture but the Dravidian roots are strong as ever. Chennai is the epitome of tradition, culture and life-style of Southern India. But like the rest of India, Chennai has over the years, developed its share of urban style and modernity. Accommodation and transportation are cheap and efficient. It is very likely that the temples you will visit in Chennai is unlike any other you have seen before. Visit the 4.5 km long Golden Marina beach - one of the longest beaches in the world. Today, Chennai is the fourth largest city in India and commands a major share in the trade from the South.

Population: About 8 million.

COIMBATORE
Coimbatore City is headquarters to the District and the third largest city in Tamil Nadu. A completely progressive modern city, Coimbatore has much going for it, whether in the areas of industry or education. Rightly called the "Manchester of South India, Coimbatore is known for its textile mills and as a result, its own unique saris. From engineering goods that constantly keep in step with the latest technology available to its beautiful temples, Coimbatore is suave and modern.

Population: About 1.5 million

DELHI (NEW DELHI)
Living testament to the glory of the Mughal days, patron of palaces and tombs and the capital of India, New Delhi is all of this and more. Situated about 160 kilometers south of the Himalayas and on the west bank of the Yamuna River, a tributary of the Ganges, Delhi has the distinction of being the historic hub of politics. Delhi is as modern or ancient as you want it to be. Today's Delhi is cosmopolitan, modern and fun loving. With feasts for art and theatre lovers, concerts for the musically inclined and food that can make a gourmet cry with delight, Delhi is a place with something for everyone. People from all parts of the country inhabit Delhi. There are different cultural pockets with Punjabis being the most dominant section here. The most common languages spoken here besides English are Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu.

Population: Approx 12 million

FARIDABAD
Faridabad is a major industrial city and population center in Haryana state, northern India. The city was founded in 1607 by Shaikh Farid, treasurer of Jahangir, with the object of protecting the highway which passed through the town. Faridabad is about 25 Kilometres south of Delhi. Faridabad is now the most populated city of Haryana. 50% of Haryana's income tax comes from Faridabad and Gurgaon. Faridabad is famous for Henna Production in agriculture sector while tractors, motorcycles, switch gears, refrigerators, shoes and tires are other famous industrial products of the city. Badkhal Lake tourist complex, Suraj Kund Tourist Complex, Aravalli Golf Club, Raja Nahar Singh Palace and Dabchick are the famous tourist spots.

Population: Approx 1.2 million

GOA
Silver sands, sparkling blue waters, the sky mirroring the sea below, white churches resting against green paddy fields and coconut trees lining the coastal streets. Goa – a place you can fall in love with at first glance. There's much more to Goa than sun, sand and sea. The allure of Goa is that it remains quite distinct from the rest of India and is small enough to be grasped and explored in a way that other Indian states are not. Goa became one of the youngest Indian states after 451 years of colonial rule and 26 years as Union territory. Its history dates back to the 3rd century when it belonged to the Mauryas, followed by the rule of the Satvahanas, Chalukyas, the Shilharas and Kadambas. In 1312, Goa fell into the hands of the Muslims. The Portuguese took over in 1510, ending the Muslim rule. Apart from a brief spell during the Napoleonic wars, when the British briefly occupied Goa, the Portuguese were the masters of Goa till 1961, when they were finally driven out. 450 years under Portuguese domination produced a unique blend of East and West that is both exotic and strangely familiar. Christmas and Carnival are celebrated as enthusiastically as Diwali and Durga Puja. The state's separate identity is also visible in its Latinate architecture and preference for a fish- and meat-rich cuisine. Another marked difference is the prevalence of alcohol, which is cheap in the state and is widely available. Panaji, Goa's capital since 1843, is among the most pleasant Indian capitals. Most people use it as a link to old Goa or to the beaches, but it's worth a visit. The atmosphere is easygoing and the people are friendly. In the oldest part of the town, the Portuguese heritage is evident: broad avenues spilling into cobbled squares, grand public buildings, old houses with overhanging balconies and numerous bars and cafes. On the coast itself, coconut cultivation and fishing are the major sources of income. But, tourism is the main money-spinner and the majority of the population is engaged in related business.

Population: Approximately 1.2 million

GUNTUR

Guntur is a center of learning and the administrative capital of Guntur district, the home of the famous Amaravati, Bhattiprolu and Sitanagaram monuments, rich in history, culture and heritage. It is also a major center for business, commerce and agriculture. The region is identified as a major transportation and textile hub in India. Guntur is one of the first cities to provide higher education in India. The Acharya Nagarjuna University is one of the largest universities in the country. There are a number of graduate schools, colleges, and high schools providing basic and higher education (agricultural, arts, bio-med, engineering, management, medical, nursing, pharmaceutical, sciences, technology) in the region. The Guntur Medical College is one of the many premier institutes in the region. The Vedic University near Guntur specializes in the teaching of Vedic Sciences, related philosophies and the Vedanta.

Population: Approximately 1.2 million

HYDERABAD
It is rare to come across a place that welcomes the 21st century with an 'adaab'. Hyderabad is one such place. There is so much here to awe the senses. From the magnificent food to the majestic monuments, from its terrific landscapes to a populace steeped in respect and tradition. Consisting of the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Hyderabad is also the capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Once the largest princely state in India, Hyderabad had its own flag, currency, railway, and postal system, before being incorporated into the Indian nation. With a rich history, Hyderabad boasts of some fine examples of Qutab Shahi architecture - the Jami Masjid, the Mecca Masjid, Toli Masjid and of course, the impressive symbol of Hyderabad, the Charminar. A unique feature of the city is that it is the only city in the south, where the major language spoken is Urdu. Home to the Nizams, reportedly, the world's richest royals, Hyderabad is also home to famous folk arts like shadow puppetry and kuchipudi dance.

Population: About 6 million.

INDORE
Built by Ahilya Bai and a stronghold of the Holkars for years, Indore is a thriving industrial centre. One would not know it, considering that the residents of this delightful place have turned leisure into an art form. Indore's history is full of praise and reverence for their queen, the brave Ahilya Bai. There is a sense of both the old and the new in Indore, recently declared a heritage city. Indore is also home to the delectable Malwa cuisine, a lip-smacking extravaganza for those that are gourmet-inclined. There are several places that you can wander off to when visiting Indore, places that are not very far away but are definitely far out! Indore's most striking feature though, is its people - charming, nice and easygoing. There is a general bonhomie in this place reminiscent of what one thinks of belonging to a smaller community like a village.

Population: About 1.7 million

JABALPUR
Jabalpur is also known as the cultural capital of Madhya Pradesh. The numerous gorges in the neighboring rocks have been taken advantage of to surround the city with a series of lakes, which, shaded by trees and bordered by crags, add much greenery to the suburbs. The city itself dates from the nineteenth century, and is laid out in wide and regular streets. It has a beautiful collection of marble rocks called Bhedaghat surrounding the holy Narmada River. Many visitors every year come to visit Jabalpur because of this major attraction. Jabalpur is also famous for volcanic rock formations called the Balancing Rocks of Jabalpur. Near Bhedaghat there are very old caves containing statues of ancient origin. The place is known as Chausatyogini (Sixty Four Lady Yogis). Jabalpur is the nearest big city to Kanha Kisli national park which is one of the biggest national parks in India and has the distinction of a successfully implemented Project Tiger, a tiger conservation program in India. Every year the park attracts a large number of tourists to watch the tigers from close proximity. The park is claimed to be the birthplace of the Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. Jabalpur is also known for housing spiritual leaders like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of Transcendental Meditation and Bhagwaan Rajneesh (Osho).

Population: About 1.4 million

JAIPUR
Jaipur was founded by Maharaja Jai Singh II (1693-1743) and is the capital of Rajasthan. Jaipur is surrounded by hills and dotted with forts. Houses with pink-latticed windows line the streets, and look almost magical at sunset. An extremely well planned city, Jaipur was designed by an engineer and scholar Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, in accordance with ancient Hindu treatise on architecture, the Shilpa Shastra (Vastu). It was planned in a grid system with wide straight avenues, roads, streets and lanes and uniform rows of shops on either side of the main roads. Jaipur remains the only place where the nine sectors that sub-divide the city symbolize the nine divisions of the universe. Jaipur is surrounded by a wall having seven gates and was built for protection from invading armies and wild animals that lurked just outside in the jungles that surrounded the city. The Old City, also known as the Pink City, is a wonderful place to wander around. The whole city was painted pink by Maharaja Man Singh II when Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, visited Jaipur in 1876. Today, every home within the city is obliged by law to maintain this facade. Jaipur’s regal heritage is evident in its architecture and culture. Beautifully laid out gardens and parks, attractive monuments and marvelous heritage hotels, once the residence of Maharajas, are testaments to the Rajasthan of yesteryears. The arts and crafts of the state are amazing. You’ll find elaborately fashioned jewellery, the multi-colored ‘bandhini’ fabrics, richly decorated handlooms, and other trinkets at the colourful bazaars of Jaipur. These bazaars are a lot of fun for not just what are available, but also for the cheerful people in their traditional costumes. For the first-time visitor, it is an intriguing and unforgettable experience.

Population: About 2 million

JODHPUR
Call it by its many names and they will not do Jodhpur justice. An oasis in the arid Thar Desert, Jodhpur is the second largest city in the state of Rajasthan. Representing this colorful city with shades of blue, Jodhpur has a history that is rich and a present that beckons strongly to the discerning tourist. Forts and palaces, temples and havelis, culture and tradition, spices and fabrics, color and texture, Jodhpur has them all and in plenty. Situated in western Rajasthan, Jodhpur has long attracted both the domestic and outside tourist. It not only offers tangibles, in terms of what you can see and buy but also fills one with a sense of history and the splendors of an era gone forever. The hospitality of the locals, the demure women, the colorful turbans -all set against the unmerciful desert is something to feel, not just see. Every pore of Jodhpur tells its own tales of heroic tales that made legends out of kings and soldiers, romances that continue to warm the heart and a time when epics were lived out on the streets by everyday man.

Population: About 3.0 million

KANPUR
Nestled on the banks of the eternal Ganga, Kanpur stands as one of North India’s major industrial centres with its own historical, religious and commercial importance. Kanpur is home to several most prestigious educational institutions of the country, including one of the Indian Institutes of Technology, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI), CSJM University, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chandrashekhar Azad Agricultural University, and GSVM Medical College. Kanpur had been a tinderbox in the independence and literary movements OF India.

Population: About 4.2 million

KOCHI (COCHIN)

Cochin is the commercial capital of Kerala, and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Queen of the Arabian Sea’. Cochin proudly boasts a rich cultural heritage, but is one of the most fast-paced and modern cities in India. It is also one of the finest natural harbors of the world and a major Indian port. Cochin is basically a collection of islands and narrow peninsulas and can be divided into Ernakulam, Willingdon Island, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi. An international airport and seaport, connect Cochin to the rest of the world. The city also has an outstanding network of road, rail, backwater, and a modern communication system. Cochin was once an insignificant fishing village. When the backwaters of the Arabian Sea and the streams descending from the Ghats caused the separation of this village from the mainland and landlocked the harbor, it became one of the safest ports on India's southwestern coast. The port assumed a new strategic importance and began to enjoy commercial prosperity. When the Portuguese penetrated the Indian Ocean in the late 15th century, they arrived at India's southwestern coast. Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral founded the first European settlement on Indian soil at Cochin in 1500. Vasco da Gama, discoverer of the sea route to India, established the first Portuguese factory (trading station) in Cochin in 1502, and the Portuguese viceroy Alfonso de Albuquerque built the first European fort in India in 1503. The city remained a Portuguese possession until the Dutch conquered it in 1663. Much Portuguese architecture still exists in the city. Always a tourist favorite, this city offers visitors plenty. Forts, palaces, museums, old churches, cool backwaters, palm fringed lagoons, beaches and the practicality of a contemporary metro.

Population: Approx 2 million

KOLKATA (CALCUTTA)

Kolkata is seen as the land of the intellectuals. Communist in ideology and very politically aware, Kolkata was the capital of British India before Delhi assumed this position. Kolkata developed from a fishermen’s' village to become one of the largest cities in the world. The city symbolizes creativity and vibrancy with all the modern amenities available. Kolkata has adapted to the modern trends and techniques of the world but has not shed the leisurely life style and the calm of its hey days. Kolkata has the country's first Metro railway and some of its buildings are more than a hundred years old. While Kolkata is a city of enduring charm, it is also a city that evokes extreme emotions. So be ready to give in to it or hate it completely. A city with strong cultural, literary and religious flavors, Kolkata acts as the gateway to the North-East.

Population: About 14 million

LUCKNOW

Welcome to a world of charm - a place that clings effortlessly to times gone by. Where appreciation of food and art is only surpassed by the importance of being polite and maintaining the strictest etiquette. Lucknow - a land where the modern exists with the ancient in a flow undisrupted by time. Lucknow has much to offer the interested visitor. From the traditional 'chikan' wear that the city is famous for, to cuisine that teases the taste buds to the people whose hospitality and charm is warmth incarnate, Lucknow is all this and more. There are monuments, which could take your breath away and this city has many a tale to tell. But lest you think that this is a city only for aficionados of history, Lucknow is also a modern city with its share of industrial belts and progress. But what will strike you as you walk the streets of this city is the ease with which you walk in from one era to now.

Population: About 2.7 million

LUDHIANA

Ludhiana is the largest city in Punjab. Ludhiana is centrally located on the Grand Trunk Road from Delhi to Amritsar, and is connected to the Indian capital city of New Delhi by road. It is a major industrial and educational center of northern India, and is the crossroads of many different cultures.
Ludhiana is known as the "Manchester of Punjab" because it is the industrial hub of Punjab. There are several industries including knitwear, bicycles, autoparts, cast iron, etc. Ludhiana is also home of communications giant Airtel. Ludhaiana is also home to world renowned educational institutes such as Punjab Agriculture University, Dayanand medical college, Christian medical college, BJS dental college, etc. Students from and around Ludhiana City are inclined towards pursuing their education abroad. Ludhiana has many attractions to visit. The most famous is the Nehru Rose Garden in Civil Lines, Rakh Bagh, Hardy's world, PAU artistic meuseum, Planetorium, Guru Nanak Stadium, Water Park, Dream Land, Tiger Safari, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, and Maharaja Raja Ranjeet Singh Fort.

Population: About 1.5 million

MADURAI

Known as the "city of nectar", Madurai is the oldest city in Tamil Nadu and was home to the ancient Tamil Sangam, the literary conclave that produced the first epic, Silappathikaram. Today, it is known to produce some of the finest textiles in India and some of the best harvests of jasmine flowers. One cannot ignore mention of the Meenakshi Temple, which is as well known for its architectural splendour as also a shelter, which inspired a thousand arts. Madurai has found mention in Megasthenes' Indica, where the ancient Greek diplomat and envoy to India in the 3rd century BC wrote about this temple-city in the most glowing terms. Madurai reached its pinnacles of glory during the time of the Cholas and then during the Pandyas' regime in the 13th century.

Population: About 1.3 million

MUMBAI (BOMBAY)

Mumbai is the commercial capital of India, a city of entrepreneurs, concrete towers, clubs and night clubs, cricket, Bollywood and more. The city, a cluster of seven islands, was named by its native Koli fisher folk after the goddess Mumbadevi. After the Portuguese gained possession of the islands in 1534, they renamed it Bom Bahia, for the natural harbor, which served as a safe haven for its ships. In 1661, Charles II of England received the islands of Bombay as dowry when he married Princess Catherine of Braganza. The British Government leased the islands to the East India Company, who developed it into a thriving trading port. The promise of business opportunities and religious freedom drew people to Bombay from all over the country. As the migrant population burgeoned, land was reclaimed, and the city began its haphazard metamorphosis from a trading post into a metropolis and industrial hub. The city also became a hotbed of political activity during the struggle for independence, hosting the First Indian National Congress in 1885. Nearly fifty years later, the Quit India movement was launched in Bombay. In the mid-'90s, the city was rechristened Mumbai. Today, Mumbai is the country's financial and cultural center. It is also home to a thriving film industry. It is seen by the teeming masses, who flock there to live and work, as a place where opportunities are abound. Its inhabitants, an amalgam of great wealth and abject poverty, are swept into the endless maelstrom of activity that characterizes this city of dreams.

Population: About 14 million

NAGPUR

This old city founded by Bhakt Buland, a representative of the Gond clan is the heart of India - literally. With Nagpur being zero milestone, all distances across the length and breadth of the country is mapped from Nagpur as starting point. At one point, the British in India had grandiose plans of making Nagpur the second capital among other things but time and circumstance saw all the blueprints for Nagpur's glory petering out. Today, Nagpur is a quiet town that is warm, hospitable and friendly at heart. The old meets the new on almost every street with old family houses and historical meetings sitting peaceably with the newer dwellings. Famed for its oranges, Nagpur is also a flourishing dry port and is known for its cool cotton saris. All in all, Nagpur is a city that has easily settled to its potential and seems very comfortable to take second place to the more gregarious city of Nagpur. Visit this place though, its pleasant environs and spicy food along with the warmth that the people of Nagpur so effortlessly disseminate will make for an experience that might not be significant but might garner more appreciation for the ordinary.

Population: About 2.1 million

NASHIK

Nashik is a city 180 km from Mumbai (Bombay) and 220 km from Pune. The "Wine Capital of India", or the "Grape City", as it is popularly known, is located in the Western Ghats. The city is known for its picturesque surroundings and pleasant climate. Known for the temples on the banks of the Godavari, it has historically been one of the holy sites of the Hindu religion. It is one of the four cities that hosts the massive Sinhastha Kumbh Mela once every twelve years. The most striking historical structure in Nashik is the Trirashmi Caves also known as the Pandav Caves. These were originally viharas of Buddhist monks carved in stone in the mountain. Many renowned Indian and MNC firms have big establishments in Nashik. The few names are Mahindra and Mahindra, Robert Bosch Group, Thyssen Krupp, Samosonite, CEAT, Atlas Copco, L&T, HLL, Cable Corporation of India, Siemens, Crompton Greaves, Caprihans, ABB, VIP Luggage, Jindal Steel, Crompton Greaves, Perfect Circle, Garware, Kirloskar Oil Engines, Gabriel, IBP etc.

Population: About 1.5 million

PATNA

A tourist visit to the Gangetic plains of India a trip to Patna, the capital of the State of Bihar. Known earlier as Pataliputra, Kusumpura or Pushpapura, which means the city of flowers, legend ascribes its creation to a magic stroke of a mythological king, Putraka, for his queen, Patali. History, however, says that the capital of the expanding Magadh Kingdom was shifted from the hilly Rajagriha to Pataligram by Emperor Ajatashatru, a contemporary of the Buddha. The Enlightened One when passing through Pataligram had predicted that a great city would rise there. Pataliputra witnessed the rise and fall of the Mauryan and Gupta empires, the first two imperial powers of India whose reigns were considered to be the classical and the golden ages of India. The emperors Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka and Samudragupta ruled, unified and spread India's message from here. Its period of glory spanned about a millennium. Among the later rulers of Patna the name of the great Afghan administrator, Sher Shah Suri's. Patna also has the distinction of being the birthplace of the tenth Sikh Guru, Govind Singh, who was born in this city in 1766. Besides being the capital of Bihar, Patna is also its cultural metropolies and a great tourist attraction. Some of its imposing building show how the aesthetic features of old architecture can be gracefully preserved even in a modern edifice.

Population: About 1.4 million

PUNE

The city of students, Queen of the Deccan, Oxford of the East are just some of the names that Pune is known by. Peaceful and modern with its own traditions, this neighbor to Mumbai offers a lifestyle that includes peace, space and a lot of fun. Whether it is cuisine or culture, institutions or history, Pune truly has it all. Pleasant weather means that Nature ensures the continuance of a life given to enjoying the best of it all. The birthplace of the famous leader and ruler of the Marathas Chattrapati Shivaji, Pune was the citadel of power with those in rule constantly contributing to its cultural and scholastic traditions. Today, Pune is a much sought after destination for students not only from different parts of the country but also from all over the world. Pune is also home to the Film and Television Institute and the well stocked National Film Archives. It is also the place where Rajneesh chose to open the now world famous Osho Ashram. Pubs and pool parlors, cultural festivals and theatres also make Pune a city of great variety and truly cosmopolitan. If what you are looking for is a place that will offer your senses a break from stress and everyday demands, do what the Mumbaiites do over the weekends- head for Pune.

Population: About 3 million

RAJKOT

There is nothing more fascinating than a place that combines the old and the new with seemingly effortless ease. Rajkot, one time capital of Saurashtra as also the headquarters of the British in India. The place that Mahatma Gandhi visited and stayed in more than any other place - a place where archaic princely grandeur lives hand in hand with the bustle of modern industrial development. Rajkot has a special place in the history of the Indian freedom struggle, with Gandhi and other leaders spending time here to plan and strategize moves that would ultimately lead India and all Indians to freedom. Rajkot is also a centre for the world famous Gujarati handlooms and handicrafts. As for its cuisine, food from Gujarat is famous for its sweet and sour flavour as well as its snacks and sweets. Rajkot offers the finest in this cuisine. There is also the anticipation and excitement of its festivals. All in all, Rajkot is a place you would be hard-pressed to miss when looking for exciting places to visit.

Population: About 1.1 million

SRINAGAR

Those that have been to Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir will tell you that is indeed paradise on earth. Even today, when the Valley holds fear for the tourist, Srinagar continues to be a destination that people still choose to go to. On the banks of the Jhelum, this ancient land that is said to have been born when the watery expanse of the enormous Satisar lake dried up weaves its magic quietly. Boatmen on the Dal lake with their shikaras gliding by, Mjughal gardens that make one feel like they have stepped out of royal times, the cuisine with its succulent meat dishes and salty tea- Srinagar will give you all of this and more. Beautiful place with a beautiful people, Srinagar continues to provide hope that paradise will once more be regained. It is true that Srinagar, indeed like the rest of the Valley continues to be in the throes of trouble but when there is the first hint that things have settled, don't forget to pack your bags and head here for a piece of heaven.

Population: About 1.4 million

SURAT

Local traditions fix the establishment of the modern city in the last years of the fifteenth century, and in 1514 the Portuguese traveller Duarte Barbosa described it as an important seaport, frequented by many ships from Malabar and all parts of the world. There still is an irregular picturesque fortress on the banks of the river built in 1540. Surat is a port city in the Indian state of Gujarat and administrative headquarters of the Surat District. It is the second largest city in Gujarat and ninth largest in India.[1] The city is situated on the left bank of the Tapti River, 14 miles from its mouth. A moat indicates the dividing-line between the old city, with its narrow streets and handsome houses, and the newer suburbs, but the city wall has almost disappeared. The city is largely recognized for its textile and diamond businesses. 92% of the world's diamonds are cut and polished in Surat.

Population: About 4.1 million

TRIVANDRUM

God's own country with its psychedelic sunsets complete with palm trees swaying to whatever music the wind chooses to play, the wafting aromas of the land of coffee, spices and coconuts, the bastion of communism, a literate people whose friendliness is only surpassed by their curiosity for more. A place that fiercely retains and respects the ancient traditions while viewing the modern with tolerance and invitation - Thiruvananthapuram or Trivandrum is Kerala incarnate. There is beauty and intelligence, the exotic and the mundane, there are Ayurvedic massages that elicit equal amounts of pain and pleasure, beaches and lagoons with the best part being the preservation of it all the way Nature meant it to be. Trivandrum is also a bustling city, where the business of life is carried out like it is around the world, interspersed with everyday visits to the nearby temple or mosque. Myth has it that the place derives its name from it being the city of Anantha, the sacred serpent of Vishnu. History has it that Thiruvananthapuram had once been the port of call for Romans and Jews, Arabs and Christians. Believable, considering that it remains one of the biggest centres for sea-bound labour.

Population: About 3.4 million

UDAIPUR

A royal past makes itself evident in every nook and corner in Udaipur. Whether it is the ornate doors that are entrances to people's homes or the palaces, gardens and monuments, Udaipur gives one a glimpse of what the place would have looked like in its time of glory. Founded by Maharana Udai Singh in 1568, and considered the jewel of Mewar, Udaipur's air is filled with a strong sense of romance, adventure and the best of Rajputana. Udaipur is also a centre of historic arts and crafts of Mewar, like the Mewar School of Miniature Painting. There is of course the modern face of Udaipur that one can look at if interested, but given the other sights from a glorious past, modernity is no real distraction. This is a place that will hold you in its thrall no matter who you are or where you come from.

Population: About 2.8 million

VADODARA

Formerly known as Baroda, this is one place whose rulers' pride in leaving behind a legacy is evident everywhere - from its priceless examples of culture to th

e beautiful palaces and the thriving art and handicrafts that the state is famous for. Once the stronghold of the Gaekwads, Vadodara remains, even today, the cultural capitlal of Gujarat. From food to music, paintings and museums to historic monuments, Vadodara has quite a range to offer the visitor. As for its history, Vadodara seems to have two favourite sons - Anshuman Gaekwad and Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad, who had more than a hand in giving the city its epithet of a cultural capital. The latter's presence is everywhere - from the magnificent Laxmi Vilas Palace, which was his home to the number of art galleries and museums that continue to preserve his memory. It is said that Faiyaz Khan of the celebrated Agra Gharana sang for him, while Raja Ravi Verma, the renowned painter created memorable pictures and portraits of the Maharaja's family. There is of course more than just a history lesson to enjoy in Vadodara. Gujarati cuisine with its myriad flavours enjoys favour with the local and tourist alike. And then there are the unbeatable dances of the state that Vadodara celebrates just like the rest of Gujarat - all in all, when you plan a trip to this cultural capital, you will be guaranteed a great time.

Population: About 1.5 million

VARANASI

Varanasi, sacred to the Hindus has many names: Kashika, or 'the shining one' referring to the light of Shiva. Avimukta, meaning 'never forsaken', refers to the city that Shiva never deserted. Anandavana, the 'forest of bliss', and Rudravasa, the place where Shiva (Rudra) resides. This city has held many a true sceptic captive, despite the atmosphere being dirty and crowded, badly planned and chaotic. The holy river of the Hindus, the Ganga traces a great arc through Varanasi, perfectly aligning the river bank with the rising sun. A dip in the Ganga is considered to be a rite of purification, with the power to purge all sins. The ultimate pilgrimage Varanasi, or Kashi or Benaras as is believed to be the place that provides man the answers to the penultimate quest for salvation and enlightenment. Wake up early and hire a boat, watch the sun rise over the famous ghats and close your eyes before you open them again to let the sight stay with you. For a city that is considered ancient, there is no temple, no monument older than 3 centuries ago. Credit for this shame goes to the destructive Emperor Aurangzeb and the carnage he wrought here. But for all of that, the city gazes at you calmly and waits for you to realise the answers to all your questions and at Varanasi, this seems completely possible.

Population: About 1.2 million

VIJAYAWADA

The name literally translates to "The Place of Victory". It is also known as Bezawada or Blazewada because of its heat. It is the third largest city in Andhra Pradesh. It has a population of over one and a half million. Vijayawada is also known as "Vidyalawada" (Educational area), as it has several prominent educational institutions. Vijayawada is in the heart of Andhra Pradesh. It is considered as the cultural, political and educational centre of Andhra Pradesh. The people of Vijayawada speak the chaste form of Telugu. Vijayawada is very famous for pickle making and its varied, spicy cuisine is sure to delight one’s taste buds. One can also treat oneself to luscious mangoes, the king of fruits, which are grown in large quantity here.

Population: About 1.8 million

VISAKHAPATNAM

Visakhapatnam also known as Vizag is a coastal, port city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the eastern shore of India, nestled among the hills of the Eastern Ghats and facing the Bay of Bengal to the east. The city is about 650km northeast of the state capital Hyderabad. The city is home to several state owned heavy industries, one of the most advanced steel plant and has one of the country's largest ports and its oldest shipyard. It has the only natural harbour on the eastern coast of India. Andhra University, a prominent seat of education in Andhra Pradesh, is located here. Vizag is primarily an industrial city, apart from being a tourist destination. Tourists are attracted by its unspoilt beaches, nearby scenic Araku Valley and Borra caves, the 11th-century Simhachalam temple and ancient Buddhist sites like Totlakonda & Bavikonda spread across the area. The city boasts a submarine museum, the first of its kind in South Asia, at Rama Krishna Beach.

Population: About 3.3 million